The Gospel of Matthew Essay Example for Free

The Gospel of Matthew Essay The Gospel of Matthew has long been claimed by theologians as the most Jewish of the four Canonical Gospels (Harris 98). The author of Matthew stresses the role of Jesus Christ as a fulfillment of Jewish prophecy, or as a fulfillment of the Abrahamic covenant. Matthew 4. 1-11 draws upon the main themes of Exodus, presenting Jesus as compared to the Israelites in their journey through the desert. The wilderness can be seen to represent the negative and the positive aspects of human covenant life, as expressed in Exodus as well as in Matthew 4. 1-11. The wilderness can be seen as a place of transformation and trial, as evidenced by the scarcity of food and water, the temptation of idolatry, and the need for a faith that is rooted in deep surrender and trust in God to nourish and protect. The wilderness represents human life. Matthew 4. 1-11 presents itself as a fulfillment of the covenant formed at Mount Sinai in the Book of Exodus, while emphasizing Jesus Christ as the God-man among us, ‘Emmanuel’ (Matt, NRSV, 1. 23). Biblically, the wilderness represents a place of extremes: The risk of death is imminent and very real, and survival depends on choices made and factors that are beyond the control of humankind. Perhaps it was this dual nature of the wilderness: A place to encounter and enter into a trusting relationship with God, but also a place to face the dark side of nature, that led American naturalist John Muir to write, â€Å"In God’s wilderness is the hope of the world† (Muir 86). In the Book of Exodus, the unpredictable, dangerous landscape of the Wilderness leads to a primal fear of death that manifests itself in many of the Israelites losing faith in Yahweh to protect and provide for their tribe: The Israelites doubt that God will provide the water that Moses draws out of the rock, the Israelites fear hunger before God produces Manna to feed the multitudes, and at Sinai, the Israelites engage in idolatry through the worship of the golden calf (Exodus). Through all of these trials, the Israelites falter and doubt the promise of God. Although they are delayed and punished for their shortcomings, the Israelites finally reach the Holy Land (Josh 10. 14). In the Book of Matthew, the Israelites’ time of journey in the desert can be seen to mirror Jesus’ time of trial in the wilderness (as celebrated in Christian liturgy as Lent). Just as the journey to the Promised Land was littered with frightening and dangerous events that eventually led to Joshua conquering Canaan, the time of Lent leads to the ‘Good News:’ The hope of Eternal Life through the Passion of Christ (Josh 10). Where the people of Israel gave into human fear and temptation, Jesus became the ‘perfect human,’ giving his life willingly to God and humanity. However, the Gospel of Matthew emphasizes the humanity of Jesus in the face of Satan’s temptations: Jesus fasts for 40 days and 40 nights, but he feels human hunger, â€Å"He fasted for forty days and forty nights, and afterwards he was famished† (Matt 4. 3). Likewise, Jesus feels human fear and terror in the Garden of Gethsemane, begging the Father to â€Å"Remove my cup of wrath† (Luke 22. 42). Thus, Jesus faces the same temptations as the Israelites in the Book of Exodus when He faces the Devil in the Wilderness, but He demonstrates a perfect faith that is evidenced not by His lack of fear, but rather His complete and perfect obedience. Jesus’ time in the wilderness can be seen as a journey of transformation and covenanting that allows Jesus to emerge renewed and filled with the Holy Spirit. In the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus enters the wilderness just after His baptism by John the Baptist where the voice of God declares that Jesus is the Messiah (Matt 3). This can also been seen to echo Jewish scripture, where God claims Abraham and Sarah’s son Isaac as his own, the child of the Covenant (Gen 17. 1). The time of trial in the wilderness can be seen as a period of transformation, in which Jesus earns His role as the Savior. In much the way that Jesus bestows power upon Peter following the foot-washing ceremony in the Gospel of John, the Gospel of Matthew provides the story of Jesus in the Wilderness as a time of commissioning. Throughout Matthew 4. 1-11, Jesus refutes the Devil’s temptations through the use of Hebrew Scripture. This highlights Jesus’ role as the Messiah, and claims him as the Davidic King prophesized by Isaiah (Is 26. 1). It is this emphasis on Jesus’ salvific role depending on His obedience, dedication, and hard work that is demonstrated in Matthew 4. 1-11 that leads to His Passion on the Cross. The importance and sacrifice inherent in His death depend on His sacrifice as a gift of free will, which is mirrored in his choice to give His life over to God, in spite of the Devil’s promises. The concept of wilderness is one that is deeply rooted in the Hebrew Scriptures: In fact, both the Abrahamic and Sinai covenanting are presented in the context of voyaging through the unknown. The obedience and faith in God that is emphasized through the Book of Exodus becomes perfectly executed through the life and Passion of Jesus. His experience in the wilderness highlights His perfection and devotion even in the face of His complete humanity, and represents the perfect fulfillment of the Journey to the Promised Land, and humanity’s Covenant promise. The Gospel of Matthew highlights the fact that the period of Lent leads to the promise of Easter, and the advent of a life free of death, in perfect communion with God. Works Cited Harris, Stephen L. , Understanding the Bible. USA: Palo Alto Press, 1985. Muir, John, Ed: Wolfe, Linnie Marsh. John of the Mountains: the Unpublished Journals of John Muir. Milwaulkee: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1979.

Shakespeare’s Creativity Essay -- Literary Analysis, Twelfth Night

Shakespeare’s Creativity In William Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night, the art of music appears in the opening of the speech as the unhappy and lovesick Orsino tells his musicians, â€Å"If music be the food of love, play on† (I.i.1) In the speech that follows, Orsino asks the musicians to give him so much musical love i.e. food that will â€Å"surfeit† and cease to yearn for love any longer. Shakespeare uses music in opening line of play and at the end by Feste singing his song. It reveals that Shakespeare has presented on stage a romantic comedy which is not detached from our everyday reality. Thus songs are used by Shakespeare with surfeiting desire not only for the purpose of entertaining the audience but also closely linked to the play’s theme. Defining Music Music, as commonly in the English Oxford Dictionary is the â€Å"art or science of combining vocal or instrumental sounds to produce beauty of form, melody† or â€Å"the vocal or instrumental sound produced by practical exercise of the art of music†. Music is also described as â€Å"a musical composition or a performance† which can be seen in Shakespeare Cymbeline: â€Å"I haue assayl’d her with Muscikes, but she vouchsafes no notice† (II.ii.37). Shakespeare also uses music as the â€Å"cries of a pack of hounds on seeing the chase† (IV.i.105) in Midsummer Night’s Dream. Music in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night opening speech is written as â€Å"MuÃ… ¿icke† in the EBBO version whereas it is spelled â€Å"music† in our class text. The word â€Å"music† has been spelled differently throughout the years. Shakespeare uses the word â€Å"music† differently in his plays, such as: â€Å"musickes,†  "musique,† and â€Å"music.† The word â€Å"music† is spelled differently in the OED and in the song, with different alphabetic but pronounced the same way.... ...are’s writings. Edward W. Naylor writes in his essay that, â€Å"this is the more satisfactory, as no subject in literature has been treated with greater scorn for accuracy, or general lack of real interest, than this of music†. Music is the only topic that the audience and the readers view with content and a smile on their face. Shakespeare’s musical references are mostly found in comedies, but the musical stage direction that is presented in tragedies is due to the military nature or politics that bound the play. Shakespeare knew the impact of music on the society and during his time. Naylor also suggests that music â€Å"was considered an essential part of a clergymen’s education† and this notifies the value music held in the society. In the Duke’s case, â€Å"If music be the food of love, play on†, music seems to be rigorous and the musicians perform it with peacefulness.

Weibo And Chinese Society

The new media, different from television, magazines, books or paper-based publications, is a new form of mass communication, which contains technologies that enable digital interactivity. For example, websites, video games, Internet all belong to the new media. Currently, the new media is becoming increasingly popular and sharply changing people's life. The advent of Webb in China is one of the most prominent examples, which is also the topic I am going to analyze in this passage.Chinese Webb, similar to twitter used worldwide, is a micro blob, by which people can post words, pictures and videos on the Internet. The general public or the organization can create their own account easily and share things with their followers so they can communicate freely with each other. Some celebrities and government officials also own Webb accounts and in this way, Webb helps to create a two-way communication between famous people and Chinese Internet users.Research showed that people spend at leas t one hour per day checking Webb messages on their cellophanes or on their laptops, while spend only fifteen minutes on reading newspapers. It is very common in current Chinese society to see people using Webb every day to check the latest news, share daily life, or chat with friends, etc. Nearly fifty percent of the Internet users in China have Webb accounts and use it regularly. Among these people, most of them are from the younger generation who are more open-minded to the new technology.This paper consists of two parts. The first part aims to understand the effects Webb has made ten years from now on Chinese society. The second part talks about Chinese government policy and the progress China has made reflected by the proliferation of Webb. Speaking of the impact of this new media, Webb has impressively changed the traditional mass media. Prior to the turn of the century, only journalists with an official degree can be reporters and public news, which they thought were newsworth y.However, in nowadays, with the advent bowie, the general public can be the first one to reveal something important happened around them by posting Webb using only forty Chinese characters. Sometimes these posts can be the sources of the news on next days newspaper. For example, on March 2013 a man robbed a store and fell down on his way running. This accident was firstly recorded by a citizen who happened to pass by in that neighborhood. Then he quickly posted this on Webb and called the police. Immediately, this post was reposted thousand times and known to many people in this city.Later on, the newspaper bought the pictures taken by the Webb user and published as the next days headline news. In this way, the general public is helping professional journalists find newsworthy things happened around them and change the traditional humdrum way of publishing. In addition, the extensive use of Webb is acting like a supplement of paper- erosion reports. Every famous news agency has the ir own Webb accounts, whenever there was an influential news, there would be a short post to give people a brief Introduction of what happened. Also, Webb can be a place where the journalists post updates in a continuous event.For example, when the missing airplane MYNAH accident happened this year, every progress the rescue group had made was posted through Webb. While we were waiting anxiously for the latest news-if there were survivors, how was their family numbers, where was the plane, what caused this crash, etc. Overall news agencies post the latest contents immediately when there were new discoveries. The general public simply need to refresh their Webb to look for the latest news, which makes it more convenient and quickly. The advent of Webb also has tremendous impact on the daily life of the general public.Firstly, Webb users can follow official accounts based on their interests-what kind of news they care about most, which celebrities they esteem and want to know more abo ut. For instance, a person likes sports might follow soccer players and other sports news related accounts. A person cares about health eight become a fan of Chinese Healthy Diet on Webb. In this way, the Webb users can conveniently receive information specifically what they want to know by using the Internet. Moreover, by reposting these webs, Webb users can share the interested news with other followers and show the support for the original Webb user.Besides that, Webb users can also follow private accounts, which consist of one's family members, friends and co-workers. Even if people cannot meet each other every day, they can still keep in touch and let others know what happened in their life by posting Webb. In the current society, Webb is a good immunization tool to help promote the interaction between people who are busy working or studying every day and cannot meet each other because they live far away. My own example can best illustrate this point. Study abroad, which means I can only meet my family members and friends once a year.But regularly post on Webb about what I have learned, what I have done, how I feel, etc. My friends can like or comment on my posts so we would not feel so far from my life in a remote country. The use of the micro blob also provoked great repercussion on the whole society, especially on the political field. Since a two-way communication teen government officials and the general public was built up based on the proliferation of Webb. Almost every civic servant in China has their Webb account and is required to post their weekly work publicly.If Internet users have problems with the policy or officials' behaviors, they can comment under the post or send a private letter through Webb. It is the government officials' duty to reply in time to the citizens and explain every action they take until the askers receive a satisfied answer. Making sure that the general public has a clear understanding of what the government is doing is a task for government officials through their communication on Webb. It is also common for people to show their support to certain policy or government officials through the use of Webb.Due to the impressive influence it has on the whole society, once a post was sent by a civic servant or a department in the government, it would be repost at once by thousands Of Internet users who advocate this proposal. Therefore, with the power Of the Webb users, it is easy to distinguish if an action or policy by the government is welcomed to the public in society. On the other hand, Webb can dramatically help to supervise the political yester and other charitable organizations. Before the proliferation of Webb, it is relatively hard for the public to directly oversee the behaviors of the authorities and social groups.This kind of supervision is mostly achieved by the specialized department set up to keep an on the behaviors of the government officials. However, nowadays, people can freely post a nything they discovered in their daily life and keep an eye on the celebrities what they have posted through Webb. The Webb users also supervise the misbehaver Of government officials in political field and urged he related department to investigate. Two examples happened in 201 1 and 2012 Chinese society can best help to explain this point.In 2011 a Webb user with the account number Mime Guy posted several micro blobs about her Mistreat and big houses. And her title was the manager of the Chinese Red Cross, which was revealed in her Webb profile. This made the Webb users pretty confused: where did all her money come from? How can she afford such luxury? With more and more people paying attention to this young girl with such unusual background, the Red Cross was forced to response to this issue. Although that this organization clarified it had no connection with Mime Guy, the public do not think that is the real truth.Also, the Public Security Bureau began to investigate the relatio nship between Mime Guy and the Red Cross. Specially, they suspect this so-called manager had improper relationship with the chairman of the board, so she could have access to the money people donated to the Red Cross and used it for big houses and Mistreat. Later after the Mime Guy affair, the Red Cross was mistrust by the public for a long time and was required by the relevant department to reveal its edged to the society and become completely transparent. Another case happened in 201 2 was triggered by one picture taken by a Webb user in a car accident scene.The post on Webb showed that in this kind of occasion, the government official was smiling instead of grieving for the hurt people, which made the general public angry. Afterwards, this official was severely criticized by the people on Webb. People even found out all his other pictures taken in different occasions to see if he was eligible to be a civic servant. Eventually, people found that in many pictures, he wore efferent costly watches, which were not accordance with his income earned from his job. With more and more people doubted the sources of the money, relevant department began to investigate in this case.They found out that a large amount of the money of his fortune was from corruption. This official used the convenience of his position to make money for a long time so he had money to afford expensive watches and big houses. As a result, this official was â€Å"sent â€Å"by the Webb users into prison. Of course, the spread of Webb is a two-edged sword , which means it can also exert negative effects on society. For instance, there is a group of people who open Webb accounts only to sell products, which makes the Internet environment full of commercials.It is difficult to regulate these commercials because it is hard to tell if the product is of good quality based on the limited information Webb posts can provide. Also, the freedom people possess when they use Webb makes the online environme nt increasingly complex. Diverse people holding totally different opinions can equally and freely express on Webb. On rare cases, immoral people purposely release fake news to the public in order to tarnish others' reputation or cause a society panic. The general public might get confused based on the complicated information they receive.There was once a water company being framed by a piece of news in Beijing Daily. It reported that the water from Ongoing Company was not clean and could not achieve the water standard in China. Later on, this news was posted by several Webb users without testing its accuracy. Along with the spread of this breaking news all over the Webb environment, this company got stuck in trust crisis and had a significant decline In monthly sales. Thousands of Internet users showed their anger and disappointment to this water company ND the news Was reposted in a large scale.However, when Ongoing Company went to test its water in the Quality Supervision Bureau, the result showed Ongoing water was clean and had achieved the water standard. It turned out the news was distorted and afterwards misused by the Webb users. This example showed that it is equally easy for both the truth and fake news spread out through Webb and the latter would absolutely damage the social order to some degree. The spread of Webb and its effects can be the introduction of the second part of this paper, which explains the Chinese society progress and the overspent policy.Because of the significant impact Webb exerts on Chinese society, the government has taken specific measures to regulate the Webb environment. Moreover, the policies, being increasingly flexible and allowing for more freedom, can reflect the Chinese progress in recent ten years. Fifty years ago, Chinese people were not used to freely speak in the public at all, nor were they allowed to criticize the government officials and the policy. In my father generation, people who dared speak out the actual e valuation of one policy might even end up being caught into prison because they were considered ooh aggressive.Almost every thing they said or did was under the guidance of the government. People did not have a way to express their thoughts, not to mention giving advice to the government. Obedience blindly might be the best words to describe the people living in that period. However, in the new era, with more rights are given to the general public, people are changing their mind accordingly. They begin to say something in public instead of stubbornly listening to the authority. Webb is an excellent tool to help achieve this transformation within this background.With the advent of Webb, people are having a channel to easily express themselves. They can set up an account and apply their personal design to the home page. They can post words and pictures. These Webb contents do not limit to their daily life about what they have done and how they feel which are mainly shared with their f riends and family members. Webb users can also use the micro blob to comment on recent events happened in China and in the international scale. For example, after the plane crash MYNAH, many Webb users criticized the inappropriate behaviors of the Malaysia government and airplanes.Another example would be the lawsuit in 201 1. The driver, whose father is Gang Lie-a government official, was interrogated in court because he triggered a car accident, which caused one people dead and one people severely injured. Hundreds of Webb users posted on Internet their complaints because they thought the court was treating this criminal inequity due to his special social Status. This case reflects a big progress which not only means the government is giving more freedom to people, but also means people are more willing to discuss the current affair and becoming the masters of their own country.Still, I cannot deny that there are restrictions on Webb use. Offensive words and pornographic contents are definitely not allowed to exit on Webb. Besides, the regulation on political field is relatively strict compared to the policies used to regulate the Internet in other countries. However, even if there are certain amount of restrictions on the contents people can post, it is too a large degree progressive compared to before. The limitations are primarily in political area, especially when the reputation and safety of central government were threatened by aggressive speech on AIBO.If happened, the relevant accounts might be suspended and the posts would be deleted as soon as being found. Moreover, this Webb user might even be arrested if the post had caused a severely negative effect within the whole society. This is a comparatively strict punishment compared to the policies made on pornographic or fake news. To the latter one, the account might still be used. Only the specific vibe contains pornographic or violence contents would be deleted by the administrator. The policies in sensitive period in China, (for example, when minorities groups ere trying to split China) are harsh compared to that in normal times.The government is controlling Webb environment to stop the rumors, which aim to cause social panic. During that special period, Internet users even cannot post webs including sensitive words such as â€Å"split of China† â€Å"The independence of Tibet† or the names of the sensitive characters in the political fight. All in all, Chinese society is making progress in the new millennium, not only in terms of economics, but also in political and cultural area. The policy and laws enacted by the government guarantee freedom and democracy to the public.Chinese people's minds are opening to the world and becoming more autonomous accordingly. They use Webb to share their life, enjoy the rights they are accorded to help master the country. It is not possible for the social organization or government to block a piece of news they do not want the public to know any more. With the extensive use of Webb, all the information around them and directly affect them would spread quickly and has a significant effect within the whole society. People have already stepped into a new era with the extensive use of Webb and the old days will never come back.

Contribute to the Development of the British Empire

However, the other factors that occurred at home which reformed he world of money can be considered as the more significant factor as it aided the scale at which both companies were able to grow. The other various factors that occurred amongst the home front had a huge impact in the development of the British Empire, possibly acting as the most significant. Although having been present before, trading companies really thrived during this period.This was due to a series of revolutionary changes, most notably the change from the medieval regulated trading concerns system to the ‘joint stock'. This now meant that instead of investors pooling heir earnings into one single ship's voyage, they would be investing money in a whole company. This resulted in lower risk investments and due to the notion that smaller investments could be made; more of the population possessed the means to be able to do so, increasing the company's finances which subsequently improved the governments.Also t he development of factors who were the men in charge of the actual trade with the native population became the beginning of permanent European bases overseas whilst factories became the hub of local trade, spreading European influence in native society and economy (as Wilderness's theory states). Also, as London was beginning to become a major trading port it began relying on raw materials from overseas trade. For example by 1 720, 15% of all national import came from India alone. And so with this alarming dependency comes a natural conviction that this supply must be protected.This is significant because one way to protect something is to have control over it, and so it seemed like an almost convenient logic for the British to start thinking about gaining imperial power. These factors are the most significant in the development of the British Empire through trade and commerce. This is cause if it weren't for the ‘joint-stock' System, both companies may not have had the means to be as successful as they were which would have dimmed a development of Empire. Also, the dependency they acquired on foreign materials was one of the main benefactors in their want for imperial control.However, it can be argued that this reliance was caused by the successes of the trade companies such as the ICE and without these, there would be no dependency and so no need for hegemony. The East India Company is a definite factor in the development of the British Empire through trade and commerce. Starting off with simply the intention to read comfortably with the promisingly lucrative East, through its various successes the East India Company did prove to be the starting foundations of English colonialism in India.After a long termed desire to establish a trade with the east, the East India Company was finally developed and launched with an official charter in 1600. As hoped, right from the very start, the company was seeing extremely healthy profits. This then encouraged a 1 6 09 charter which gave the company permanent rights whilst a further charter in 1670 meant that the company could actually make its own laws with an army ND the ability to print money. Both of these events contributed to the development of the British Empire as they became the first signs Of actions which imitated the actions that may be expected of a colonial state.Another subtle indication of the company's intended permanency came through the building of Fort William. However, possibly the most evident way in which the ICE aided the British Empire came in their seek to be granted firm. Firm was mainly needed so that the ICE would have the rights to set up permanent trading bases and factories, both of which would have been essential for effective trade. This meant that through negotiations, they became drawn into local power networks, which politically strengthened their position in India.Also, the prospect of trading bases would definitely intensify the sense of European permanenc e in the East. After a few violent naval battles with the Dutch, the Moguls saw the British as superior and decided to grant them the firm they so desired. This had a couple significant effects. Firstly, it displayed a certain importance of military', but rather naval superiority in getting what is wanted. This was to become a huge factor in the actual placement and sustain of the British Empire.

Biography of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Philosopher and Mathematician

Biography of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Philosopher and Mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a prominent German philosopher and mathematician. Though Leibniz was a polymath who contributed many works to many different fields, he is best known for his contributions to math, in which he invented differential and integral calculus independently of Sir Isaac Newton. In philosophy, Leibniz is known for his contributions on a wide range of subjects, including â€Å"optimism†- the idea that the current world is the best of all possible worlds, and was created by a freely thinking God who chose this for a good reason. Fast Facts: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Known For: Philosopher and mathematician known for a number of important contributions to mathematics and philosophy, such as the modern binary system, a widely used calculus notation, and the idea that everything exists for a reason.Born: July 1, 1646 in Leipzig, GermanyDied: November 14, 1716 in Hanover, GermanyParents: Friedrich Leibniz and Catharina SchmuckEducation: Leipzig University, University of Altdorf, University of Jena Early Life and Career Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was born in Leipzig, Germany on July 1, 1646 to Friedrich Leibniz, a professor of moral philosophy, and Catharina Schmuck, whose father was a law professor. Though Leibniz attended elementary school, he was mostly self-taught from the books in his father’s library (who had died in 1652 when Leibniz was six). While young, Leibniz immersed himself in history, poetry, math, and other subjects, gaining knowledge in many different fields. In 1661, Leibniz, who was 14, began studying law at the University of Leipzig and was exposed to the works of thinkers such as Renà © Descartes, Galileo, and Francis Bacon. While there, Leibniz also attended summer school at the University of Jena, where he studied mathematics. In 1666, he finished his law studies and applied to become a doctorate student in law at Leipzig. Because of his young age, however, he was refused the degree. This caused Leibniz to leave the University of Leipzig and earn the degree the following year at the University of Altdorf, whose faculty were so impressed with Leibniz that they invited him to become a professor despite his youth. Leibniz, however, declined and opted instead to pursue a career in public service. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. United States public domain Leibniz’s Tenure in Frankfurt and Mainz, 1667-1672 In 1667, Leibniz entered the service of the Elector of Mainz, who tasked him to help revise the Corpus Juris- or body of laws- of the electorate. During this time, Leibniz also worked to reconcile Catholic and Protestant parties and encouraged Christian European countries to work together to conquer non-Christian lands, instead of waging war on each other. For example, if France left Germany alone, then Germany could help France in conquering Egypt. Leibniz’s action was inspired by France’s king Louis XIV, who seized some German towns in Alsace-Lorraine in 1670. (This â€Å"Egyptian Plan† would be ultimately passed on, although Napoleon unwittingly used a similar plan over a century later.) Paris, 1672-1676 In 1672, Leibniz went to Paris to discuss these ideas more, staying there until 1676. While at Paris, he met a number of mathematicians like Christiaan Huygens, who made many discoveries in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and horology. Leibniz’s interest in mathematics has been credited to this period of travel. He quickly advanced in the subject, figuring out the core of some of his ideas on calculus, physics, and philosophy. Indeed, in 1675 Leibniz figured out the foundations of integral and differential calculus independently from Sir Isaac Newton. In 1673, Leibniz also made a diplomatic trip to London, where he showed a calculating machine that he had developed called the Stepped Reckoner, which could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. In London, he also became a fellow of the Royal Society, an honor awarded to individuals who have made substantial contributions to science or math. Hanover, 1676-1716 In 1676, upon the death of the Elector of Mainz, Leibniz moved to Hanover, Germany, and was placed in charge of the library of the Elector of Hanover. It Hanover- the place that would serve as his residence for the rest of his life- Leibniz wore many hats. For instance, he served as a mining engineer, an advisor, and a diplomat. As a diplomat, he continued to push for the reconciliation of the Catholic and Lutheran churches in Germany by writing papers that would resolve the views of both Protestants and Catholics. The last part of Leibniz’s life was plagued by controversy- with the most notable being in 1708, when Leibniz was accused of plagiarizing Newton’s calculus despite having developed the math independently. Leibniz died in Hanover on November 14, 1716. He was 70 years old. Leibniz never married, and his funeral was only attended by his personal secretary. Legacy Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany. Moment Editorial / Getty Images Leibniz was considered a great polymath and he made many important contributions to philosophy, physics, law, politics, theology, math, psychology, and other fields. He may be most well known, however, for some of his contributions to math and philosophy. When Leibniz died, he had written between 200,000 to 300,000 pages and more than 15,000 letters of correspondence to other intellectuals and important politicians- including many notable scientists and philosophers, two German emperors, and Tsar Peter the Great. Contributions to Math Modern Binary System Leibniz invented the modern binary system, which uses the symbols 0 and 1 to represent numbers and logical statements. The modern binary system is integral to the functioning and operation of computers, even though Leibniz discovered this system a few centuries prior to the invention of the first modern computer. It should be noted, however, that Leibniz did not discover binary numbers themselves. Binary numbers were already used, for example, by the ancient Chinese, whose use of binary numbers was acknowledged in Leibniz’s paper that introduced his binary system (â€Å"Explanation of Binary Arithmetic,† which was published in 1703). Calculus Leibniz developed a complete theory of integral and differential calculus independently of Newton, and was the first one to publish on the subject (1684 as opposed to Newton’s 1693), though both thinkers seem to have developed their ideas at the same time. When the Royal Society of London, whose president at the time was Newton, decided who developed calculus first, they gave credit for the discovery of calculus to Newton, while credit for the publication on calculus went to Leibniz. Leibniz was also accused of plagiarizing Newton’s calculus, which left a permanent negative mark on his career. Leibniz’s calculus differed from Newton’s mainly in notation. Interestingly, many students of calculus today have come to prefer Leibniz’s notation. For example, many students today use â€Å"dy/dx† to indicate a derivative of y with respect to x, and an â€Å"S†-like symbol to indicate an integral. Newton, on the other hand, placed a dot over a variable, like á º , to indicate a derivative of y with respect to s, and did not have a consistent notation for integration. Matrices Leibniz also rediscovered a method of arranging linear equations into arrays or matrices, which makes manipulating those equations much easier. A similar method had first been discovered by Chinese mathematicians years earlier, but had fallen into abandonment. A statue of Leibniz at Leipzig University. claudiodivizia / Getty Images. Contributions to Philosophy Monads and Philosophy of Mind In the 17th century, Renà © Descartes put forward the notion of dualism, in which the non-physical mind was separate from the physical body. This sparked the question of how exactly the mind and body are related to one another. In response, some philosophers said that the mind could only be explained in terms of physical matter. Leibniz, on the other hand, believed that the world is made of â€Å"monads,† which are not made of matter. Each monad, in turn, has its own individual identity, as well as its own properties that determine how they are perceived. The monads, furthermore, are arranged by God- who is also a monad- to be together in perfect harmony. This laid down Leibniz’s views on optimism. Optimism Leibniz’s most famous contribution to philosophy may be â€Å"optimism,† the idea that the world we live in- which encompasses everything that exists and has existed- is the â€Å"best of all possible worlds.† The idea is based on the assumption that God is a good and rational being, and has considered many other worlds in addition to this one before choosing this one to come into existence. Leibniz explained evil by stating that it may result in a greater good, even if an individual experiences negative consequences. He further believed that everything existed for a reason. And humans, with their limited viewpoint, cannot see the greater good from their restricted vantage point. Leibniz’s ideas were popularized by the French writer Voltaire, who did not agree with Leibniz that humans are living in the â€Å"best of all possible worlds.† Voltaire’s satirical book Candide ridicules this notion by introducing the character Pangloss, who believes that everything is for the best despite all of the negative things going on in the world. Sources Garber, Daniel. â€Å"Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646–1716).† Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Routledge, www.rep.routledge.com/articles/biographical/leibniz-gottfried-wilhelm-1646-1716/v-1.Jolley, Nicholas, editor. The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz. Cambridge University Press, 1995.Mastin, Luke. â€Å"17th Century Mathematics - Leibniz.† The Story of Mathematics, Storyofmathematics.com, 2010, www.storyofmathematics.com/17th_leibniz.html.Tietz, Sarah. â€Å"Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm.† ELS, Oct. 2013.

Thermodynamics and Fluids II Laboratory tests and report Lab

Thermodynamics and Fluids II Laboratory tests and - Lab Report Example The potential to kinetic energy conversion takes place in the stagnation point; the point situated at the Pitot’s tube entrance, as see in the schematic diagram below, Figure 2 below. A pressure higher or greater than the free-stream pressure, that is dynamic, results from the conversion kinematic to potential. This "static" pressure is obtained by comparing it to the dynamic pressure of flow with the differential manometer (CÃŒ §engel and Cimbala, 2014). The conversion of the resulting differential pressure measurements into respective fluid velocity heavily depends on the specified fluid’s flow regime a Pitot tube is measuring (Spurk and Aksel, 2008). In case of an incompressible flow, below is the Bernoulli equation describing the relationship between the pressure and velocity along the streamline: The simple pitot tube is comprised of an opening at the tip where pressure can be compared with the atmospheric pressure, or the pressure at pipe through that the flow passes (Boyes, 2010). The Pitot tube is when taking the local velocity measurements at the given point of the flow. The speed of airflow is determined when there is change in pressure between the two holes found in the Pitot tube; known via head (Kundu, Cohen and Dowling, 2012). Therfoe the speed of airflow is calculated using Bernoulli’s equation: The purpose of this laboratory was to analyze jet pumps using knowledge of fluid mechanics learned in the course. Assumptions of steady flow and no friction were applied and these theoretical results will be compared to the experimental results obtained by measuring the flow at the end of the jet pump. The SI units were used during the analysis for easy conversion among different variable. Head was directly proportional to actual pressure, high heads translated into high velocities; the fast jet had a large head drop. The pitot tubes are greatly affected by the Reynolds number when operating at low fluid velocities. Pitot tube’s accuracy

Compare between two websites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare between two websites - Essay Example These websites provide various services and software products for business management. Halogensoftware’s products are more focused towards talent management part of the business, whereas, Successfactors’ solutions are related to execution of business. Halogensoftware provides following major product package: performance appraisal, goal management, competency management, career development and planning, integrated talent profile, employee on boarding, activity tracker, easy HRIS integration, job description builder and real0time reporting etc. On the other hand, product and service package of successfactors include, business alignment, people performance and integrated business-execution software solutions. Both organizations provide more or less similar range of software products. Halogen provides money back guarantee for its services where as successfactors display Deloitte’s rating for its products. Analysis indicated that the successfactors has better described and marketed their products. For example, both firms offer a product 360-degree feedback; however, successfactors has given a brief comparison of 360 degree and a regular manager feedback to show how 360-degree feedback is better and why should it is adapted. Then, a visual presentation, including snap shots of the software product is available for the buyer. The product consists of three broad sections of information: employee information, employee feedback, and overall rating. A section of â€Å"legal scan† is also provided to serve legal purpos es. On the other hand, Halogen has provided a brief overview about the features, results, and affordability of its 360-degree rater. For another product, Succession planning, halogen has emphasized its cost effectiveness and affordability. The â€Å"talent pool model† is the base for this product. Its implementation is in three phases: First, the firm understands its workforce potential. Second, it develops internal